A capping agent dissolution method for the synthesis of metal nanosponges and their catalytic activity towards nitroarene reduction under mild conditions

Abstract

We report a general strategy for the synthesis of metal nanosponges (M = Ag, Au, Pt, Pd, and Cu) using a capping agent dissolution method where addition of water to the M@BNH_x nanocomposite affords the metal nanosponges. The B–H bond of the BNH_x polymer gets hydrolysed upon addition of water and produces hydrogen gas bubbles which act as dynamic templates leading to the formation of nanosponges. The rate of B–H bond hydrolysis has a direct impact on the final nanostructure of the materials. The metal nanosponges were characterized using powder XRD, electron microscopy, XPS, and BET surface area analyzer techniques. The porous structure of these nanosponges offers a large number of accessible surface sites for catalytic reactions. The catalytic activity of these metal nanosponges has been demonstrated for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol where palladium exhibits the highest catalytic activity (k = 0.314 min⁻¹). The catalytic activity of palladium nanosponge was verified for the tandem dehydrogenation of ammonia borane and the hydrogenation of nitroarenes to arylamines in methanol at room temperature. The reduction of various substituted nitroarenes was proven to be functional group tolerant except for a few halogenated nitroarenes (X = Br and I) and >99% conversion was noted within 30–60 min with high turnover frequencies (TOF) at low catalyst loading (0.1 mol%). The catalyst could be easily separated out from the reaction mixture via centrifugation and was recyclable over several cycles, retaining its porous structure.