Effect of dark states on the fluorescence of carbon nanodots

Abstract

The nonlinear fluorescence properties of colloidal carbon dot solutions in glycerol were investigated at T = 298 K and 77 K. It was first found that the fluorescence intensity depended sublinearly on optical excitation intensity even at moderate excitation levels. With increasing excitation, the fluorescence signal shows a trend toward saturation, the latter being most pronounced at liquid nitrogen temperature. The relation between the fluorescence intensity and the excitation density was shown to be well approximated by the hyperbola equation. The behavior of the fluorescence intensity was theoretically described by a 3-level model that involves the singlet fluorescent state S₁ and optically “dark” triplet state T₁ of a carbon dot. The triplet states are almost inactive optically and manifest themselves in a very weak phosphorescence of the carbon dots that is several orders weaker than the fluorescence of the dots. The lifetimes of the triplet state were measured to be 0.75 ms at room temperature and 0.25 s at T = 77 K. Within the model used, the intersystem crossing (S₁ → T₁) lifetime in the carbon dots was estimated to be τ_IST ∼ 10⁻⁵ s at T = 77 K and τ_IST ∼ 10⁻⁶ s at T = 298 K.