Phenothiazine-based small-molecule organic solar cells with power conversion efficiency over 7% and open circuit voltage of about 1.0 V using solvent vapor annealing

Abstract

We have used two unsymmetrical small molecules, named phenothiazine 1 and 2 with a D–A–D–π–D configuration, where phenothiazine is used as a central unit, triphenylamine is used as a terminal unit and TCBD and cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-diylidene-expanded TCBD are used as an acceptor between the phenothiazine and triphenylamine units, as a small molecule donor along with PC₇₁BM as an acceptor for solution processed bulk heterojunction solar cells. The variation of acceptors in the phenothiazine derivatives makes an exciting change in the photophysical and electrochemical properties, hole mobility and therefore photovoltaic performance. The optimized device based on phenothiazine 2 exhibited a high power conversion efficiency of 7.35% (J_sc = 11.98 mA cm⁻², V_oc = 0.99 V and FF = 0.62), while the device based on phenothiazine 1 showed a low PCE of 4.81% (J_sc = 8.73 mA cm⁻², V_oc = 0.95 V and FF = 0.58) after solvent vapour annealing (SVA) treatment. The higher value of power conversion efficiency of the 2 based devices irrespective of the processing conditions may be related to the broader absorption and lower band gap of 2 as compared to 1. The improvement in the SVA treated active layer may be related to the enhanced crystallinity, molecular ordering and aggregation and shorter π–π stacking distance of the small molecule donors.