Facile green synthesis of nanomagnets for modulating magnetohyperthermia: tailoring size, shape and phase

Abstract

This study reports the successful production of both isometric and anisometric iron oxide-based nanoparticles using, respectively, ammonia and urea for co-precipitating Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ from aqueous solution. Spherical nanoparticles (SNPs) with 10–20 nm in diameter are obtained using ammonia under reflux from 1 h to 9 h, with their relative magnetite/maghemite content decreasing from 10 to 0.05. However, using a lower and higher concentration of urea under reflux from 1 h to 12 h results in rod-like nanoparticles (RNPs) with length/width varying from 40/16 to 80/20 nm and hexagonal nanoparticles (HNPs) with diagonal varying from 150 to 100 nm, respectively. For RNPs (HNPs) the relative magnetite/goethite content increases with refluxing time from 0.25 to 2 (1.25 to 3.75). Hysteresis cycles (300 K) show unblocked SNPs and blocked RNPs and HNPs with coercivity (remanence) increasing with refluxing time from 55 to 80 Oe (1 to 5 emu g⁻¹) and 70 to 130 Oe (5 to 13 emu g⁻¹), respectively. Saturation magnetization of SNPs, RNPs and HNPs spans from 50 to 65 emu g⁻¹, 12 to 60 emu g⁻¹ and 57 to 80 emu g⁻¹, respectively. Under AC magnetic field (522 kHz), with amplitude ranging from 70 to 310 Oe, SNPs show a strong hyperthermia effect, following HNPs with mild and RNPs with weak effects.