Growth of Zr/N-codoped TiO2 nanorod arrays for enhanced photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells

Abstract

In this paper, Zr and N co-doped TiO₂ (Zr/N–TiO₂) nanorod arrays were synthesized using a hydrothermal method and perovskite solar cells were fabricated using them as an electron transfer layer. The solar cells based on Zr/N–TiO₂ presented an enhanced performance compared with those based on un-doped TiO₂. The solar cell performance was optimized by changing the Zr doping content. The efficiency of solar cells based on Zr/N–TiO₂ with a Zr doping content of 1% (Zr/Ti, atomic ratio) has been achieved at 12.6%, which was 31.6% higher than that of solar cells based on un-doped TiO₂. To get an insight into the enhancement, some investigations were carried out. The results indicate that the larger open voltage (V_oc) could be due to the larger conduction band offset resulting from the smaller energy band gap for Zr/N–TiO₂, and the enlarged short current (I_sc) could be attributed to the faster electron transfer and reduced recombination rate for Zr/N–TiO₂ NRs. These induce the enhancement of solar cell efficiency.