Highly interdigitated and porous architected ternary composite of SnS2, g-C3N4, and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as high performance lithium ion battery anodes

Abstract

SnS₂ is a two-dimensional (2D) layered transition metal dichalcogenide that has been extensively investigated as an anode for lithium ion batteries (LIBs). However, it generally undergoes a large volume change during cycling, resulting in severe capacity loss. Composites of SnS₂ with carbon-based nanomaterials could deliver improved cyclic stability and rate performance. However, there is considerable room for performance improvement. In the present work, highly interdigitated porous nano-architectures of ternary composites consisting of 2D nanomaterials of SnS₂, reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) were synthesized via a simple one-pot hydrothermal route. The synthesized ternary nanocomposites were characterized with high surface area, porous structure, and high pore volume. Due to the intimate face-to-face interactions offered by the 2D structured constituents, the obtained nanocomposites showed remarkably improved performances as anodes in LIBs. In particular, the galvanostatic charge–discharge performance depends on the amount of g-C₃N₄ in the nanocomposites. The composite containing 6.6 wt% g-C₃N₄ showed the best performance, attaining a specific capacity of 1248.4 mA h g⁻¹ after 276 cycles with a coulombic efficiency of 99.9% at 100 mA g⁻¹ along with an excellent rate performance. The outstanding performances of the composite anodes were attributed to the unique 3D porous structure, low charge transfer resistance, and high lithium ion diffusion coefficient, afforded by the synergistic effect of concurrent encompassing of rGO and g-C₃N₄ around the SnS₂ platelets.