Mechanistic insights on ethanol dehydrogenation on Pd–Au model catalysts: a combined experimental and DFT study

Abstract

In this study, we have combined ultra-high vacuum (UHV) experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations to investigate ethanol (EtOH) dehydrogenation on Pd–Au model catalysts. Using EtOH reactive molecular beam scattering (RMBS), EtOH temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), and DFT calculations, we show how different Pd ensemble sizes on Au(111) can affect the mechanism for EtOH dehydrogenation and H₂ production. The Au(111) surface with an initial coverage of 2 monolayers of Pd (2 ML Pd–Au) had the highest H₂ yield. However, the 1 ML Pd–Au catalyst showed the highest selectivity and stability, yielding appreciable amounts of only H₂ and acetaldehyde. Arrhenius plots of H₂ production confirm that the mechanisms for EtOH dehydrogenation differed between 1 and 2 ML Pd–Au, supporting the perceived difference in selectivity between the two surfaces. DFT calculations support this difference in mechanism, showing a dependence of the initial dehydrogenation selectivity of EtOH on the size of Pd ensemble. DFT binding energies and EtOH TPD confirm that EtOH has increasing surface affinity with increasing Pd ensemble size and Pd coverage, indicating that surfaces with more Pd are more likely to induce an EtOH reaction instead of desorb. Our theoretical results show that the synergistic influence of atomic ensemble and electronic effects on Pd/Au(111) can lead to different H₂ association energies and EtOH dehydrogenation capacities at different Pd ensembles. These results provide mechanistic insights into ethanol's dehydrogenation interactions with different sites on the Pd–Au surface and can potentially aid in bimetallic catalyst design for applications such as fuel cells.