Inverted perovskite solar cells based on lithium-functionalized graphene oxide as an electron-transporting layer

Abstract

Perovskite solar cells with an inverted p–i–n architecture were constructed under ambient conditions by employing materials of lower cost than standard cells. Thus, graphene oxide was used as a hole transporting material and Li-modified graphene oxide as an electron transporting material, while Al was used as a counter electrode. A maximum solar conversion efficiency of 10.2% was achieved by adding a Ti-based sol on the top of the Li-modified graphene oxide layer.