Energetic pathways and influence of the metallacyclobutane intermediates formed during isobutene/2-butene cross-metathesis over WH3/Al2O3 supported catalyst

Abstract

The preferred catalytic cycle occurring in the conversion of isobutene and 2-butene to propylene and pentenes over WH₃/Al₂O₃ has been investigated via an energetic analysis of the metallacyclobutanes formed upon 2 + 2 butene cycloaddition with alumina supported tungsten alkylidenes. Within the metallacyclobutanes investigated, steric destabilization generally increased as the substituents increased from ethyl (from 1-butene) to vicinal dimethyl (from 2-butene) to geminal dimethyl (from isobutene). The relative stabilization of the metallacyclobutanes is also affected by the steric interaction between the metallacyclobutane substituents and either the surface or W–H ligand. The catalytic cycle involving surface intermediates 2c (ethylidene) and 2d (methylidene) is shown to be the most important in the reaction pathway with the analysis also showing that the system feeds back to ethylidene intermediate 2c after non-preferred butene cycloadditions which yield propylidenes 2a or 2b. Moreover, we show that 2c and 2b are involved in the preferred cycle for formation of 2-pentene minor products, while 2d and 2b are involved in the preferred cycle for the formation of 3-hexene minor products.