Observation of nanotwinning and room temperature ferromagnetism in sub-5 nm BiFeO3 nanoparticles: a combined experimental and theoretical study

Abstract

Particle size significantly affects the properties and therefore the potential applications of multiferroics. However, is there special particle size effect in BiFeO₃, which has a spiral modulated spin structure? This is still under investigation for sub-5 nm BiFeO₃. In this report, the structural, electronic and magnetic properties are investigated for chemically synthesized BiFeO₃ nanoparticles with an average size of 3 nm. We observed nanotwinning features in the specific size regime of the nanoparticles (2–4 nm). A weak Bi–O–Fe coordination and weak covalent nature has been observed in the nanoparticles through high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy and theoretical analysis, confirming that BiFeO₃ nanoparticles a retain rudimentary R3c phase even at sub-5 nm dimensions. The R3c phase of sub-5 nm BiFeO₃ nanoparticles has also been confirmed using Raman spectroscopy and Raman mapping of the vibrational modes. The nanoparticles display cluster spin glass, room temperature ferromagnetism, and a metamictization-davidite phase. The observation of weak magnetic entropy features confirmed the presence of a weak correlation between the magnetic and ferroelectric components. To support our experimental observations, we have simulated a sub-5 nm BiFeO₃ nanocluster. Using density functional theory, the ferromagnetic ground state and the presence of a weak covalent nature in the nanocluster is established considering the first Brillouin zone, thus confirming our experimental results. Finding of new physicochemical features in sub-5 nm BiFeO₃ would be beneficial for the understanding of the fundamental physical and chemical science as well as potential device development.