Advanced hybrid battery with a magnesium metal anode and a spinel LiMn2O4 cathode

Abstract

Two Mg–Li dual salt hybrid electrolytes are developed, which exhibit excellent oxidative stability up to around 3.8 V (vs. Mg/Mg²⁺) on an aluminum current collector, enabling the successful coupling of several state-of-the-art lithium-ion intercalation cathodes (LiMn₂O₄, LiCoO₂ and LiNi_1/3Mn_1/3Co_1/3O₂) with magnesium metal anodes. The Mg-LiMn₂O₄ battery delivers an initial discharge capacity of about 106 mA h g⁻¹ with a working voltage of around 2.8 V (vs. Mg/Mg²⁺), highlighting the highest working voltage of rechargeable batteries with magnesium metal anodes to date.