Thermodynamic investigation of Ti doping in MgAl2O4 based on the first-principles method

Abstract

Ti doping of MgAl₂O₄ crystals is investigated using a theoretical thermodynamic approach. A number of types of Ti-doped MgAl₂O₄ are produced by combining possible Ti oxidation states (Ti²⁺, Ti³⁺, and Ti⁴⁺), doping sites (Al and Mg sites), and additional point defects (antisites and vacancies). Crystal models containing each doping type are prepared, and by treating them as independent phases, phase diagrams of the Mg–Al–Ti–O system are simulated based on first-principles calculations. This enables the study of stable doping types as a function of synthesis conditions and chemical compositions. Under air or H₂ conditions, only the type is stable in the phase diagram, whereas and appear to be stable in a strongly reducing CO/CO₂ atmosphere at high temperatures. A quantitative analysis model is established for calculating the fractions of certain doping types based on considerations of formation energy and mixing entropy, and the proportions of doping types are calculated. Changes in the Ti³⁺ : Ti⁴⁺ ratio are simulated, and the effects of temperature, oxygen partial pressure, Mg/Al ratio, and surface are examined. The results obtained show good agreement with XPS results and photoluminescence measurements. This study provides guidelines to the design and property tuning of Ti-doped MgAl₂O₄ phosphors for LED applications.