Enhanced efficiency of planar-heterojunction perovskite solar cells through a thermal gradient annealing process

Abstract

An efficient gradient annealing approach is demonstrated to improve the surface morphology and coverage of perovskite films. Gradient annealed perovskite films exhibit more uniform and smooth surface with improved coverage compared to directly annealed films. The resulting perovskite solar cells show enhanced device performance with a high efficiency of 14%, indicating that the gradient annealing process is a useful way to improve the efficiency of perovskite solar cells.