Electrochemical DNA sensor for specific detection of picomolar Hg(ii) based on exonuclease III-assisted recycling signal amplification

Abstract

An ultrasensitive methodology was successfully developed for the quantitative detection of picomolar Hg²⁺ based on the combination of thymine–Hg²⁺–thymine (T–Hg²⁺–T) coordination chemistry and exonuclease III-aided recycling signal amplification. Single-strand probe DNA was immobilized on an Au electrode via an Au–S bond. In the presence of Hg²⁺, the probe DNA hybridized with the target DNA containing four thymine–thymine (T–T) mismatches via the Hg²⁺-mediated coordination of T–Hg²⁺–T base pairs. Then the probe DNA in the DNA duplex was specifically recognized and selectively digested by exonuclease III; in contrast the target DNA was safely dissociated from the DNA duplexes to subsequently hybridize with a new signal probe, leading to target recycling and signal amplification. As a result, the peak current caused by the electrostatic interactions of [Ru(NH₃)₆]³⁺ cations with the backbone of the probe DNA decreased by different degrees, corresponding to the Hg²⁺ concentrations. Under the optimum conditions, the proposed electrochemical DNA biosensor showed a robust detection limit as low as 1 pM (S/N = 3), with a wide linear range from 0.01 to 500 nM and good selectivity. In addition, the proposed method was successfully applied to assay Hg²⁺ in real environmental samples.