A smart and rapid colorimetric method for the detection of codeine sulphate, using unmodified gold nanoprobe

Abstract

Driven by the need to detect narcotics, we designed a “smart” system for the rapid detection and quantification of codeine sulphate levels using a smartphone, which allows simple, portable, on-spot, rapid and ultrasensitive nanoaggregation colorimetric detection (a lower detection limit of 0.9 μM) using the unique properties of citrate-stabilized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as a probe.