A novel picoliter droplet array for parallel real-time polymerase chain reaction based on double-inkjet printing

Abstract

We developed and characterized a novel picoliter droplet-in-oil array generated by a double-inkjet printing method on a uniform hydrophobic silicon chip specifically designed for quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis. Double-inkjet printing was proposed to efficiently address the evaporation issues of picoliter droplets during array generation on a planar substrate without the assistance of a humidifier or glycerol. The method utilizes piezoelectric inkjet printing equipment to precisely eject a reagent droplet into an oil droplet, which had first been dispensed on a hydrophobic and oleophobic substrate. No evaporation, random movement, or cross-contamination was observed during array fabrication and thermal cycling. We demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of this novel double-inkjet method for real-time PCR analysis. This method can readily produce multivolume droplet-in-oil arrays with volume variations ranging from picoliters to nanoliters. This feature would be useful for simultaneous multivolume PCR experiments aimed at wide and tunable dynamic ranges. These double-inkjet-based picoliter droplet arrays may have potential for multiplexed applications that require isolated containers for single-cell cultures, single molecular enzymatic assays, or digital PCR and provide an alternative option for generating droplet arrays on planar substrates without chemical patterning.