Retarding the crystallization of PbI2 for highly reproducible planar-structured perovskite solar cells via sequential deposition

Abstract

On a planar substrate the sequential deposition of CH₃NH₃PbI₃ perovskite is optimized by retarding the crystallization of PbI₂. This strategy overcomes the problem of incomplete conversion and uncontrolled particle sizes of perovskite in the absence of mesoporous scaffolds, greatly increasing the film reproducibility. Highly efficient and reproducible planar-structured perovskite solar cells were obtained with the best efficiency of 13.5%, average efficiency of 12.5% and a small standard deviation of 0.57 from a total of 120 cells.