A calix[2]triazole[2]arene-based fluorescent chemosensor for probing the copper trafficking pathway in Wilson's disease

Abstract

A pyrenyl-appended calix[2]triazole[2]arene displaying excellent selectivity for Cu²⁺ over other metal ions in pyrenyl excimer emission changes was synthesized. The binding mode with Cu²⁺ was supported through nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Fluorescence imaging demonstrates that this new copper sensor is capable of detecting intracellular copper in living cells. Furthermore, through colocalization of the probe with organelle trackers as a function of time, it was observed that copper initially accumulates in lysosomes and then decreases. These results provide evidence for a close relationship between copper and lysosomes in Wilson's disease. This system is the first Cu²⁺ ion-induced fluorescent turn-on system used for imaging copper trafficking over time in a Wilson's disease model.