Facile synthesis of a Co3O4–carbon nanotube composite and its superior performance as an anode material for Li-ion batteries

Abstract

In this work, we report a facile method for the synthesis of a Co₃O₄–functionalized carbon nanotube (Co₃O₄–f-CNT) composite via the growth of Co₃O₄ nanoparticles on the surface of functionalized carbon nanotubes (f-CNTs) by thermal decomposition of cobalt nitrate hexahydrate in ethanol. The composite consists of 13% carbon nanotubes and 87% Co₃O₄ nanoparticles by weight, and all the Co₃O₄ particles grew compactly along the carbon nanotube axis with a highly uniform dispersion. When used as an anode material for rechargeable lithium ion batteries, the composite manifested high capacities and excellent cycling performance at high and low current rates. The discharge capacity was 719 mA h g⁻¹ at the 2^nd cycle and 776 mA h g⁻¹ at the 100^th cycle. Even at a current density of 1 A g⁻¹, the specific capacity still remained at about 600 mA h g⁻¹. This superior electrochemical performance was attributed to the unique nanostructure of the composite. Because almost all of the Co₃O₄ nanoparticles were immobilized on the surface of f-CNTs, physical aggregation of nanoparticles was avoided during the charge–discharge processes. Furthermore, the good mechanical flexibility of f-CNTs can readily alleviate the massive volume expansion/shrinkage associated with a conversion reaction electrode. Finally, f-CNTs are highly conductive matrices for electrons due to their high conductivity, which can shorten the diffusion path for electrons.