Synthesis, structure, characterization and photocatalytic activity of Bi2Zr2O7 under solar radiation

Abstract

Bi₂Zr₂O₇ was synthesized via a facile solution combustion method. Two different fuels, urea and tartaric acid were used in the synthesis, which resulted in Bi₂Zr₂O₇ crystals with different band gaps and surface areas. The structure has been determined by Rietveld refinement followed by the difference Fourier technique. The compound crystallizes in the space group Fmm. The photocatalytic degradation of two dyes was carried out under solar radiation. Bi₂Zr₂O₇ prepared using urea as the fuel exhibits a higher photocatalytic activity than the compound prepared using tartaric acid and comparable activity to that of commercial Evonik P-25 TiO₂. It is suggested that this is due to the oxygen vacancies occurring in the two cases, the urea based compound has an occupancy of 0.216, whereas the tartaric acid based synthesis shows disorder in the oxygen position amounting to a small number of oxygen vacancies.