Activated carbons as green and effective catalysts for generation of reactive radicals in degradation of aqueous phenol

Abstract

Several activated carbons (ACs) were used as metal-free catalysts for degradation of a toxic organic compound, phenol, in the presence of different oxidants, H₂O₂, peroxydisulfate (PS) and peroxymonosulfate (PMS). It was found that ACs were effective in heterogeneous activation of PMS to produce sulfate radicals for degradation of phenol, much better than H₂O₂ and PS. Particle size of AC significantly influenced AC activity, and powder AC was much more effective than granular AC. The complete phenol removal could be achieved in 15 min on powder activated carbon (PAC) under the conditions of [phenol] = 25 mg L⁻¹, [PAC] = 0.2 g L⁻¹, [PMS] = 6.5 mmol L⁻¹, and T = 25 °C. It was also found that phenol degradation was significantly influenced by PMS loading, catalyst loading, phenol concentration and temperature. Surface activation of PMS and phenol adsorption played important roles in phenol degradation. Surface coverage by intermediate adsorption and structural change induced deactivation of AC and catalytic activity could be partially recovered by regeneration using calcination.