Submicron-sized mesoporous anatase TiO2 beads with a high specific surface synthesized by controlling reaction conditions for high-performance Li-batteries

Abstract

The effect of reaction temperature and aging time on TiO₂ precursor beads synthesized using a sol–gel method was studied. The size of the precursor beads decreased and deformed spheres appeared with increasing temperature. Meanwhile, TiO₂ precursor beads grew with the aging time up to a reaction time of 18 h. Using a solvothermal process for the precursor beads, submicron-sized mesoporous anatase TiO₂ beads (SMATBs) with a specific surface of 153.2 m² g⁻¹, much higher than initially reported, were synthesized by controlling the reaction conditions and were successfully employed as negative electrode for Li-ion batteries. The specific capacities of the submicron-sized mesoporous TiO₂ beads are much higher than those of their counterparts at high charge–discharge rates. In the first cycle, the TiO₂ beads showed discharge capacities of 172.0 mA h g⁻¹, 129.6 mA h g⁻¹, 117.1 mA h g⁻¹ and 56.7 mA h g⁻¹ at charge–discharge rates of 1 C (1 C = 170 mA g⁻¹), 5 C, 10 C and 30 C, respectively. 85.1% discharge capacities were retained after 200 cycles at 1 C charge–discharge rate. After 600 cycles, there is still 81.8% discharge capacity retained at 5 C charge–discharge rate. Moreover, the TiO₂ beads also exhibitied 86.9 mA h g⁻¹ and 34.0 mA h g⁻¹ discharge capacities at 10 C and 30 C charge–discharge rates over 600 cycles, respectively. In addition, the Coulombic efficiency is nearly 100% at each cycle at various charge–discharge rates.