A simple combination of higher-oxidation-state FeX3 and phosphine or amineligand for living radical polymerization of styrene, methacrylate, and acrylate

Abstract

Higher-oxidation-state iron halides [FeX₃ (X = Cl, Br)] were employed in conjunction with a series of ligands, mainly monodentate phosphines and amines, to effect the living radical polymerization of various vinyl monomers such as styrene, methyl methacrylate (MMA), and methyl acrylate (MA). Almost all combinations examined could enable polymerizations in the absence of exogenous reducing agents. However, appropriate combinations of FeX₃ and ligands gave rise to polymers in a living manner, with controlled molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distributions (M_w/M_n = 1.1–1.2). Ligand combinations included FeCl₃ with PnBu₃, PtBu₃, or NnBu₃ (for styrene); FeCl₃ with PtBu₃ or NnBu₃ (for MMA); and FeBr₃ with PPh₃ (for MA). Model reactions and spectroscopic analysis suggest that FeCl₃ most likely disproportionates into the Fe(III)Cl₄⁻ anion and Fe(III)Cl₂⁺ cation in the presence of Lewis base ligands (PR₃ and NR₃). The latter cationic species, coordinated with the ligand [Fe(III)Cl₂(PR₃)⁺ or Fe(II)Cl₂(PR₃)˙⁺], acts as the active catalyst. Assistance from the electron-rich ligand allows the catalyst to induce metal-catalyzed living radical polymerization. The Fe(III)-based catalyst could also be easily and almost quantitatively removed from the polymer product simply by washing with aqueous acid to minimize the amount of iron contamination (<5 ppm).