Interest in new heterodinuclear transition-metal/main-group-metal complexes: DFT study of electronic structure and mechanism of fluoride sensing function

Abstract

Systematic DFT calculations were carried out on a series of heterodinuclear complexes [(o-(Ph₂P)C₆H₄)₃M¹M²Cl]⁺ (M¹ = As, Sb, or Bi; M² = Pd or Pt) to investigate the mechanism of colorimetric sensing function for the fluoride anion. The fluoride anion binds with the M¹ center to afford a hypervalent M¹ species with large stabilization energy. For instance, the stabilization energy by the fluoride adduct formation is −15.5 kcal mol⁻¹ for 3 (M¹ = Sb; M² = Pd) and −16.2 kcal mol⁻¹ for 6 (M¹ = Sb; M² = Pt), where a negative value represents stabilization. Interestingly, the allosteric coordination of the third phosphine with the M² center is induced by the fluoride adduct formation. For chloride, bromide, and thiocyanide anions, the binding energies are positive (∼4.5 kcal mol⁻¹), and the allosteric coordination does not occur. The allosteric coordination plays a crucial role in the absorption spectrum change induced by the fluoride adduct formation. For instance, the fluoride adduct formation quenches the absorption band of 3 around 400 nm and newly exhibits two absorption peaks at longer wavelength, 475 and 451 nm. These two peaks are assigned to ligand-field transitions (d_xy → d_z² and d_x²−y² → d_z²) including metal-to-ligand charge transfer character. We discussed the reasons why the allosteric coordination can occur only in the fluoride adduct and induces these two absorptions in the longer wavelength region. In addition, the Bi–Pd combination is also recommended for a fluoride sensing material, while the Sb–Pt combination is recommended for cyanide sensing.