Graphene reinforced hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction for the determination of phthalates in water, juice and milk samples by HPLC

Abstract

A novel graphene reinforced hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction method was developed for the extraction of phthalates (PAEs) from water, juice and milk samples prior to their determination by high performance liquid chromatography. The main factors that affect the extraction efficiency, such as fiber length, concentration of graphene, extraction time, the pH and ionic strength of the sample solution, and stirring rate were investigated and optimized. Under the optimum conditions, the concentration factors for the analytes ranged between 59 and 71. The limits of detection (S/N = 3) of the method were between 0.2 and 1.2 ng mL⁻¹ for water and juice samples, and between 2.5 and 5.0 ng mL⁻¹ for milk samples. The recoveries of the method were in the range between 81.0% and 108.0% for water, juice and milk samples. The results indicated that the method was rapid, efficient and environmental friendly for the determination of PAEs in different matrix samples.