Effect of triphenylsulfonium triflate addition in wide band-gap polymer light-emitting diodes: improved charge injection, transport and electroplex-induced emission tuning

Abstract

The presence of mobile anions in the emitting layer of polymer-based OLEDs has been proven to influence substantially the injection characteristics of the diode. In this work we report on the improvement of both injection and transport of charge carriers in blue emitting poly[2-(6-cyano-6-methyl-heptyloxy)-1,4-phenylene] (CN-PPP) based OLEDs upon insertion of the all-organic triphenylsulfonium (TPS) triflate salt in the emitting layer. On one hand, the anion displacement influences the energetics at the polymer/anode interface facilitating hole injection, whereas, on the other hand, the triphenylsulfonium cations act as electron transporting sites. The OLEDs exhibit significantly reduced turn-on voltage to half their initial value and increased luminance at low operating voltage. Moreover, the large energetic mismatch of the polymer and the triphenylsulfonium salt as well as the polarity induced by the ions result in simultaneous dual emission originating from the polymer exciton and from an electroplex, which is proposed to be formed at the triphenylsulfonium salt/polymer interfaces in the bulk. These results show that triphenylsulfonium salts represent an attractive class of materials that can be blended with conjugated polymers and can modify their electrical and/or emissive characteristics.