Reaction of the m-THPC triplet state with the antioxidant Trolox and the anesthetic Propofol: Modulation of photosensitization mechanisms relevant to photodynamic therapy?

Abstract

Antioxidants may affect the outcome of photodynamic therapy (PDT) through the inactivation of reactive oxygen species. Their direct interaction with photosensitizers excited at the triplet state is also worthy of interest. This process is investigated by laser flash photolysis of m-THPC (meso-tetra(3-hydroxyphenyl)chlorin, Foscan) hydroalcoholic solutions added with Trolox (TrOH), a standard antioxidant or Propofol (PfOH, Diprivan^®), a common anesthetic agent also characterized for its antioxidant properties. Transient UV-visible absorption spectra, kinetics at selected wavelengths and final spectra after extensive laser irradiation show that both compounds react with the m-THPC triplet state, ³m-THPC, to ultimately restore the photosensitizer in its ground state. For PfOH, this process mainly appears as a single step obeying pseudo-first order kinetics. The bimolecular rate constant for the quenching of ³m-THPC by PfOH is around 2 × 10⁶ M⁻¹ s⁻¹, a value increased to some extent by the water content of the solution. A bimolecular reaction between ³m-THPC and TrOH is observed with a rate constant of similar magnitude and dependence upon water. However, the reaction leads, at least partly, to intermediate species assigned to the TrO˙ radical and the m-THPC anion radical. Within a few ms, these species back react to yield m-THPC in its ground state. A general mechanism involving an intermediate activated complex with some charge transfer character is proposed. Depending on the redox potentials for the oxidation of the antioxidant, this complex evolves predominantly either toward the formation of radicals (TrOH) or back to the photosensitizer ground state (PfOH). Notably, the kinetics data suggest that Propofol may quench ³m-THPC at concentrations relevant of clinical situation in PDT involving anesthesia.