Hollow carbon cage with nanocapsules of graphitic shell/nickel core as an anode material for high rate lithium ion batteries†
Abstract
Hollow carbon cages (HCCs) with high electrical conductivity were developed by a spray drying–catalytic graphitization–activation process as anode materials for high power lithium ion batteries. The HCC anode has a high reversible capacity of 1135 mA h g−1 at 50 mA g−1, excellent cyclic stability without capacity degradation over 100 cycles at a current density of 500 mA g−1, and an ultrafast charge/discharge rate of less than 2 min with a high capacity of 163 mA h g−1, which are attributed to the unique structure of the hollow cores, the high porosity, and electrically conductive nickel