Silatranes: a review on their synthesis, structure, reactivity and applications

Abstract

This critical review summarizes progress of the rapidly developing and very active field of silatrane chemistry. The first part of the review deals with general synthetic approaches used to synthesize different silatranes. The most interesting feature of silatranes, i.e., variation of Si–N bond length on the basis of the axial substituent of Si, and other structural features, are described in the second part with special emphasis on crystallographic and theoretical studies. It is followed by a discussion on the reactivity of various silatranes. Silatranes have now gained acceptance for a wide variety of applications which are summarized in the last section of review. Some of them have extensive interest due to their medical use to heal wounds or stimulate hair-growth (pilotropic activity), biological properties, pharmacological properties e.g. antitumor, anticancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, fungicidal activity, stimulating effect in animal production and seed germination effects. The review focuses on the extended potential of silatranes in sol–gel processes, mesoporous zeotypes, atomic force microscopy, commercial products such as adhesion promoters, polymer formation and rubber compositions. This critical review will be helpful for general researchers, experts, advanced undergraduates and newcomers working on silatrane chemistry as this review presents greater emphasis on synthesis and characterization, structural properties, reactivity and applications of silatranes in the field of biology, material science, sol–gel chemistry, pharmaceutics, agriculture and medicine (311 references).