Evaluation of intermolecular interactions in thioxanthone derivatives: substituent effect on crystal diversity

Abstract

A family of 9H-thioxanthen-9-one derivatives and two precursors, 2-[(4-bromophenyl)sulfanyl]-5-nitrobenzoic acid and 2-[(4-aminophenyl)sulfanyl]-5-nitrobenzoic acid, were synthesized and studied in order to assess the role of the different substituent groups in determining the supramolecular motifs. From our results we can conclude that Etter's rules are obeyed: whenever present the –COOH head to head strong hydrogen bonding dimer, R²₂(8) synthon, prevails as the dominant interaction. As for –NH₂, the best donor when present also follows the expected hierarchy, an NH⋯O(COOH) was formed in the acid precursor (2) and an NH⋯O(CO) in the thioxanthone (4). The main role played by weaker hydrogen bonds such as CH⋯O, and other intermolecular interactions, π–π and Br⋯O, as well as the geometric restraints of packing patterns shows the energetic interplay governing crystal packing. A common feature is the relation between the π–π stacking and the unit cell dimensions. A new synthon notation, RR′, introduced in this paper, refers to the possibility of accounting for intra- and intermolecular interactions into recognizable and recurring aggregate patterns.