Tetracycline speciation during molecular imprinting in xerogels results in class-selective binding

Abstract

The creation of tetracycline (TC) responsive molecularly imprinted xerogels (MIXs) was investigated using electronic absorbance, liquid chromatography-ion-trap mass spectrometry (LC-ITMS), and first-principles theory. Experimental results show that the template molecule converts to its epimer, 4-epitetracycline (ETC), during the imprinting process. Additionally, end capping of the MIX surface silanols transforms TC into anhydrotetracycline (ATC) and 4-epianhydrotetracycline (EATC). Hence, despite aiming to imprint for a single analyte (TC), one simultaneously imprints for up to four analogs (TC, ETC, EATC and ATC) within a MIX. Binding studies using LC-MS showed the binding of the prepared xerogels with the four analogs. In some formulations, preferential uptake of ETC, EATC and ATC relative to the template molecule (TC) was observed. Computations of the interaction energies between silane monomers and the four analogs reveal that ETC, EATC and ATC have higher interaction energies and are more likely to be imprinted in comparison to TC.