A reliable and durable approach for real-time determination of cellular superoxide anion based on biomimetic superoxide dismutase stabilized by a zeolite

Abstract

This paper demonstrates a reliable and durable method for in situ real-time determination of O₂˙⁻ based on direct electron transfer of Mn₃(PO₄)₂, which acts as a superoxide dismutase (SOD). Mn²⁺ is ion-exchanged into zeolite–ZSM-5 microstructures, and further coated with poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA). Direct electron transfer of Mn²⁺ is greatly facilitated by zeolite microstructures with the formal potential of 561 ± 6 mV vs.Ag|AgCl, which is just located between thermodynamic potentials of O₂˙⁻/O₂ and O₂˙⁻/H₂O₂. The biomimetic catalytic activity of Mn₃(PO₄)₂, together with the enhanced electron transfer of Mn²⁺ obtained at the zeolite electrode has provided a platform for determination of O₂˙⁻ with high selectivity, wide linear range, low detection limit, and quick response. On the other hand, the present Mn²⁺-ZSM/PDDA electrode shows relatively long-term stability, good reproducibility, and biocompatibility, which opens up a way to adhering cells directly onto the film surface for in situ monitoring of cellular species. As a sequence, the remarkable analytical performance of the present O₂˙⁻ biosensor, combined with the characteristics of the Mn²⁺-ZSM/PDDA electrode surface has established a novel approach for real-time determination of O₂˙⁻ released from living cells.