Controlled Gd2O3nanorods and nanotubes by the annealing of Gd(OH)3nanorod and nanotube precursors and self-templates produced by a microwave-assisted hydrothermal process

Abstract

One dimensional Gd(OH)₃ nanorods and nanotubes were successfully produced through a microwave-assisted hydrothermal process of Gd(NO₃)₃ solutions at pH 10, adjusted using 3 M NaOH and NH₄OH as buffer solutions. Subsequently, the Gd(OH)₃ nanorods and nanotubes, functioned as both the precursors and self-templates, were annealed at 450 °C for 2 h to form the respective Gd₂O₃ nanorods and nanotubes whilst retaining their shapes. X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) were used to characterize these Gd(OH)₃ and Gd₂O₃ nanorods and nanotubes, of which the formation mechanisms were also proposed.