Micro-solvation of the Zn2+ ion—a case study

Abstract

The structures and thermodynamic parameters of hydrated zinc ion clusters incorporating a single zinc ion and up to eighteen water molecules have been determined with a quantum mechanical hybrid density functional, namely B3LYP using cc-PVDZ basis functions for H and O and a split valence 6-31G (d, p) basis function for Zn. The geometries for all the zinc ionwater clusters are optimized with several initial guess structures and without imposing any initial symmetry restriction. Zinc metal ion is found to be preferably four coordinated for smaller sizes of hydrated cluster but attains an octahedral coordination for larger sizes (n≥ 11) of hydrated cluster. Structures with seven or more than seven water molecules attached directly to the central zinc ion are not found. The calculated gas phase coordination number in the first solvation sphere of a large hydrated zinc metal ion is found to be six and the same is also confirmed in the force field based classical molecular dynamics simulation study for an aqueous zinc ion and thus confirms the experimental findings. The equilibrium zinc–oxygen distance of 2.09328 Å at the present B3LYP level of study is in excellent agreement with the X-ray diffraction result of 2.093 ± 0.002 Å for a hexahydrated zinc cluster.