Nitrobenzoxadiazoles and related heterocycles: a relationship between aromaticity, superelectrophilicity and pericyclic reactivity

Abstract

A study of the dual electrophilic and pericyclic reactivity of 4,6-dinitrobenzofurazan (DNBZ, 2), 4,6-dinitro-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (DNBS, 3), 4,6-dinitro-2,1,3-benzoselenadiazole (DNBSe, 4) is reported. Kinetic and thermodynamic measurements of the ease of covalent hydration of 2–4 to give the corresponding hydroxy σ-adducts C-2–C-4 have been carried out over a large pH range in aqueous solution. Analysis of the data has allowed a determination of the rate constants pertaining to the susceptibility of 2–4 to water attack as well as the pK_a values for the σ-complexation processes. With pK_a values ranging from 3.92 for DNBZ to 6.34 for DNBSe to 7.86 for DNBS, the electrophilic character of the three heteroaromatics is much closer to that of the superelectrophilic reference, i.e. 4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxan (DNBF, 1; pK_a = 3.75), than that of the standard Meisenheimer electrophile 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNB, pK_a = 13.43). Most importantly, water is found to be an efficient nucleophile which contributes strongly to the formation of the adducts C-2 and C-4. This confirms a previous observation that a pK_a value of ca. 8 is a primary requirement for having H₂O competing effectively as a nucleophile with OH⁻ in the formation of hydroxy σ-adducts. On the other hand, 2–4 are found to exhibit dienophilic and/or heterodienic behaviour on treatment with isoprene, 2,3-dimethylbutadiene, cyclopentadiene or cyclohexadiene, affording Diels–Alder mono- or di-adducts which have all been structurally characterized. A major finding is that the order of Diels–Alder reactivity follows clearly the order of electrophilicity, pointing to a direct relationship between superelectrophilic and pericyclic reactivity. This relationship is discussed.