Characterisation of the (Y1−xLax)2Ti2O7 system by powder diffraction and nuclear magnetic resonance methods

Abstract

Structural characteristics of the (Y_1−xLa_x)₂Ti₂O₇ system have been determined using time-of-flight (TOF) neutron and constant wavelength powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA) and ⁸⁹Y (I = ½) magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MAS NMR). Lattice parameters obtained from neutron data suggest that a pyrochlore (Fdm, Z = 8) solid solution exists from x = 0 to x = 0.134, whereupon a monoclinic La₂Ti₂O₇-type phase (P2₁, Z = 4) exsolves. Both phases coexist for 0.134 ≤ x ≤ 0.807 and a single-phase solid solution with the monoclinic structure is stable for x > 0.807. Unit cell volumes from X-ray diffraction of samples synthesised within the pyrochlore regime show excellent agreement with the expected linear increase in unit cell volume across a solid solution, increasing from 1028.46 ų for Y₂Ti₂O₇ to 1037.49 ų for (Y_0.90825La_0.09175)₂Ti₂O₇. The limit of the monoclinic solid solution as observed by XRD is higher than that found from neutron diffraction (0.88 compared to 0.807), but this difference is attributed to variation in the sintering temperatures employed. Spectral analysis of NMR spectra for Y-rich compositions suggests that increasing proportions of La are incorporated onto the pyrochlore A-site randomly, up to the limit of solid solution. The NMR spectra of the monoclinic phase show four resonances – two broad and two sharp. These have been attributed to the four crystallographically distinct ‘A’-type sites within the structure. At lower Y concentrations, the sites corresponding to the broad NMR resonances are preferentially occupied. We have tentatively assigned these broad resonances to the ‘slab-edge’ sites in the monoclinic perovskite structure, based on their relatively small size and lower average coordination numbers compared to the perovskite-like sites within the centre of the slabs.