Hydrophobic silica sol–gel films for biphasic electrodes and porotrodes

Abstract

Hydrophobic sol–gel films from methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMOS) are deposited onto glass and tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) coated glass substrates. Uniform and microporous films of ca. 200 nm thickness are obtained and investigated by scanning electron microscopy and by electrochemical techniques. From cyclic voltammograms for the oxidation of ferrocenedimethanol in aqueous 0.1 M KNO₃ apparent diffusion coefficients and free volume data for processes within the film are derived and it is demonstrated that the film morphology can be controlled by the deposition timing. Two novel types of biphasic electrodes for observing liquid/liquid ion transfer reactions are introduced: (i) an ITO electrode coated with a hydrophobic sol–gel film and (ii) a hydrophobic sol–gel film on glass sputter-coated with 20 nm porous gold (porotrode). For the t-butylferrocene redox system deposited in the form of an organic liquid, very low and morphology dependent current responses are observed on modified ITO electrodes. However, the porotrode system allows biphasic electrode reactions to be driven with high efficiency and with no significant morphology effect of the hydrophobic sol–gel film. This type of nanofilm-modified electrode system will be of interest for biphasic sensor developments.