Real-time monitoring of stain formation and removal on calcium hydroxyapatite surfaces using quartz crystal sensor technology

Abstract

Stain formation, stain inhibition and stain removal may be monitored in real-time using a novel method employing a quartz crystal resonance sensor (QCR), based upon quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) technologies. Crystalline hydroxyapatite (HA) surfaces were prepared on phosphate-terminated, polymer-modified gold surfaces of quartz crystal transducers. The resulting sensors were placed in a specially constructed flow cell, and the interaction of adsorbates from the tea stain solution monitored as a function of time. The ability of sodium tripolyphosphate (STP) to remove extrinsic stain and also to inhibit its formation was examined. The adsorption of material from the staining solution passed over the sensor was clearly observable, and once bound, the crystal based real-time data suggest that tea adsorbates were not removed in the absence of an active under conditions of continuous flow. STP was shown to rapidly remove existing stain, and exhibited a clear inhibitory action on stain formation irrespective of whether the HA had been previously exposed to tea chromogens. The continuous data generated by the QCR technique were in good agreement with the results obtained using a discontinuous spectrophotometric method. The presently described quartz crystal model for extrinsic dental stain should provide a valuable tool to aid understanding of the interactions of staining agents with a crystalline HA surface as a model tooth surface, and to evaluate the efficacy and mode of action of STP and putative stain removal agents.