Pyridyl–thiazole multidentate ligands: metal-specific recognition of a combination of ligands from a mixture

Abstract

Comparison of the crystal structures of the dinuclear double helicates [M₂(L¹)₂][ClO₄]₄ (M = Ni, Zn; L¹ is a potentially hexadentate ligand containing a py–th–py–py–th–py sequence, where ‘py’ denotes pyridyl and ‘th’ denotes thiazolyl) illustrates how L¹ can show two different coordination modes: in [Zn₂(L¹)₂][ClO₄]₄ the ligands L¹ are bis-bidentate chelates (via the terminal py–th fragments, with the central bipyridyl unit not coordinated) such that the metal ions are four-coordinate, whereas in [Ni₂(L¹)₂][ClO₄]₄ the ligand coordinates in a more usual bis-terdentate manner such that the metal ions are six-coordinate. Reaction of Ni(II), Cu(II) or Zn(II) salts with a 1 ∶ 1 mixture of the potentially hexadentate ligands L¹ and L² (where L² contains a phen–th–th–phen sequence, ‘phen’ denoting a 1,10-phenanthroline unit) afforded in each case a mixture of helical complexes [M₂(L¹)₂]⁴⁺, [M₂(L¹)(L²)]⁴⁺ and [M₂(L²)₂]⁴⁺ in different proportions according to the preferences of the different metal ions for different coordination numbers, and the actual denticity of the ligand. For example the mixed-ligand complex [M₂(L¹)(L²)]⁴⁺ was formed to the same extent (ca. 50%) for M = Ni and M = Cu, but hardly at all for M = Zn, indicating that self–self ligand recognition operates during assembly of L¹ and L² with Zn(II) such that the homoleptic complexes [Zn₂(L¹)₂]⁴⁺ and [Zn₂(L²)₂]⁴⁺ are favoured more than simple statistical considerations would suggest.