Electrochemical approach to the dynamics of molecular recognition of redox enzyme sites by artificial cosubstrates in solution and in integrated systems

Abstract

Application of antigen–antibody technology allows the attachment to an electrode surface of an enzyme monolayer structure to which both the enzyme and the mediator are bound. As illustrated with the example of glucose oxidase and a ferrocene mediator, the enzyme preserves its full activity in such structures, which may be easily reproduced. In spite of their fixation to the structure, the mobility of the ferrocene heads is sufficient to ensure that its transport to the enzyme prosthetic group is not rate determining. The reaction is rather controlled by the prior formation of a complex between the ferrocenium ion and the flavin required for electron transfer to occur. The efficiency of this step is affected by steric hindrance and the various observations made with free-moving and attached ferrocene-ended poly(ethylene glycol) chains may be rationalized by the interplay of factors controlling their distribution and shape. Analyzing the dynamics of this system, in comparison with previous systems, was thus an occasion to shed further light on the recognition phenomenon. The enzyme monolayer integrated system is a good starting point for the step-by-step construction of spatially ordered multilayered assemblies with strong catalytic efficiencies. Fast responding systems are expected both in terms of electron transport and electron transfer between the mediator and the enzyme. The spatial order resulting from the step-by-step construction should allow a much more precise analysis of electron transport and electron transfer than in conventional assemblies of redox centers. Mastering both the construction and the functioning of such systems should help the design of more complex systems, integrating additional functionalities electrically controlled by means of their electron transport/electron transfer connection to the electrode surface.