Environmental Analysis

Abstract

1  Air analysis

1.1  Sample collection and pretreatment

1.2  Instrumental analysis

1.2.1  Atomic absorption and atomic emission spectrometry

1.2.2  Atomic fluorescence spectrometry

1.2.3  X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

1.2.4  Mass spectrometry

1.3  Trends

1.3.1  Speciation

1.3.2  Multi-instrumental analysis

Table 1 Summary of analyses of air and particulates

2  Water analysis

2.1  Sample preparation

2.1.1  Sample collection and preservation

2.1.2  Preconcentration and separation procedures

2.1.3  Hydride and cold vapour generation

2.1.4  Speciation

2.1.5  Reference materials and standard methods

2.2  Instrumental analysis

2.2.1  Atomic absorption spectrometry

2.2.2  Emission and fluorescence spectrometry

2.2.3  X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

2.2.4  Mass spectrometry

Table 2 Summary of analyses of water

3  Analysis of soils, plants and related materials

3.1  Uncertainty in environmental analysis

3.2  Reference materials

3.3  Sample preparation

3.3.1  Cutting and grinding

3.3.2  Sample dissolution

3.3.3  Solvent extraction

3.3.4  Other preconcentration procedures

3.3.5  Operationally-defined procedures for assessing bioavailable elements

3.3.6  Speciation studies

3.4  Developments in atomic absorption spectrometry

3.5  Developments in atomic fluorescence spectrometry

3.6  Developments in atomic emission spectrometry

3.7  Developments in mass spectrometry

3.7.1  Developments in ICP mass spectrometry

3.7.2  Developments in other inorganic mass spectrometric techniques

3.8  Developments in X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

3.9  Developments in X-ray absorption spectrometry

Table 3 Summary of analyses of soils, plants and related materials

  Analysis of geological materials

4.1  Introduction

4.2  Sample treatment

4.2.1  Solid sample introduction

4.2.1.1  Laser ablation

4.2.1.2  Slurry nebulization

4.2.2  Sample dissolution

4.2.3  Separation and preconcentration

4.2.4  Sequential extractions

4.2.5  Speciation studies

4.2.6  Vapour generation

4.3  Instrumental analysis

4.3.1  Atomic absorption spectrometry

4.3.2  Atomic fluorescence spectrometry

4.3.3  Atomic emission spectrometry

4.3.4  Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

4.3.5  Other mass spectrometric methods

4.3.6  X-ray methods

4.3.7  Neutron activation analysis

Table 4 Summary of analyses of geological materials

5  References