Effect of different experimental parameters on the potentiometric evaluation of blood electrolytes using K+ as a test cation

Abstract

Potentiometric evaluation of ionic concentrations in physiological media has been reported to be significantly affected by the albumin containing matrix. Previous studies have attempted to clarify the origin of different patterns of variation of E versus albumin concentration at a constant 0.01 mol dm^–3 KCl, depending on the experimental methodologies. This paper reports on measurements of K⁺ in albumin (BSA) containing KCl solutions, which have been pursued following different methodologies concerning the sequence of measurements, i.e., starting either from the most concentrated solution (100 g dm^–3)(A) or from the most dilute solution (20 g dm^–3)(B), and solution preparation, (a) dilution of an initial 100 g dm^–3 albumin solution by successive addition of 0.01 mol dm^–3 KCl, (b) concentration of an initial 20 g dm^–3 albumin solution by addition of solid substance, (c) independent preparation of each albumin solution (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 g dm^–3) or (d) preparation of each albumin solution from direct dilution of a 100 g dm^–3 stock solution with 0.01 mol dm^–3 KCl. Convenient calculations were made and showed a significant contribution of albumin to the liquid–liquid junction potential. The variation of potential with albumin concentration is smaller for hypertonic than for isotonic bridge solutions, both for the dilution series (A,a and A,d) and for the concentration series (B,c and B,d). When the method for increasing the concentration is performed by addition of a solid substance to an initially diluted albumin (B,b), the slope of the E versus albumin concentration plot is larger for hypertonic than for isotonic reference electrolytes. This latter finding is in agreement with Payne's results when ultrafiltration was used to concentrate a protein solution. These observations are a clear indication that the method of preparation of concentrated protein solutions may significantly affect the results.