Molecular recognition of alkylamines: conformational and binding properties of calix[6]arene-based ester ligands

Abstract

A series of alkyl 1⁵,3⁵,5⁵,7⁵,9⁵,11⁵-hexa-tert-butyl-1,3,5,7,9,11-hexa[1,3]benzenacyclododecaphane esters have been prepared that selectively bind to alkylammonium cations. Ester ligands showed extraction efficiency toward alkylamines in the sequence of ammonium < Me ≃ Et > Pr > Prⁱ > Bu > Buⁱ≃ Bu^s > tert-butylammonium guests. Single and competitive transport experiments of butylamines also confirmed the binding properties obtained with extraction experiments and the transport selectivity for Bu/Bu^t pair exceeds 25. Conformational properties, such as T_c and ΔG_c‡, of ester ligands were investigated by means of temperature-dependent ¹H NMR spectroscopy. Conformational freedom was generally found to decrease as the size of substituent of ester side chain increased. ¹H NMR complexation studies of ethyl ester 2 with caesium tetraphenylborate and butylammonium picrate guests suggest that the conformational reorganization into a cone conformation has provoked complex formation.