Chemically modified electrodes: tin(IV) oxide electrodes surface modified with immobilized bis(2,2′-bipyridine)(2,2′-bipyridine-4,4′-dicarboxylato)ruthenium(II). Part 1. Synthesis and characterization

Abstract

Four different synthetic routes (based upon esterification) result in the immobilization of [Ru(bipy)₂(bpdc)](bipy = 2,2′-bipyridine, H₂bpdc = 2,2′-bipyridine-4,4′-dicarboxylic acid) upon the surface of polycrystalline tin(IV) oxide electrodes. These processes have been compared for efficacy with each other, and with a related silylation modification method. Multilayer, monolayer and submonolayer coverages can be achieved by appropriate selection of experimental conditions. The chemically modified electrodes were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, and their chemical stability investigated under a wide variety of conditions.