Reduction of Ti4+ to Ti3+, a primary step in the origin of strong metal–support interaction, can be brought about by hydrogen spillover or by lattice oxygen deficiency in the oxide surface, or by both.
V. Vishwanathan and S. Narayanan, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1988, 1233 DOI: 10.1039/C39880001233
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