Formation and stability of RuIII incorporated in TiO2(rutile)

Abstract

Titanium dioxide containing a few percent of ruthenium has been investigated by electron spin resonance and X-ray diffraction. Prolonged treatment in hydrogen at temperatures < 350 °C or the addition of Nb^V to the rutile structure leads to the formation of the paramagnetic Ru^III in solid solution. Upon increasing the temperature of the hydrogen treatment, the reduction is continued to Ru^II in solid solution and finally to Ru⁰ as a segregated phase.