Analytical potential of valence state and ligand atom effects in titanium K X-ray spectra

Abstract

Changes in peak profiles and in peak energies of titanium Kα, Kβ_{1, 3}+ Kβ′ and Kβ_2,5+ Kβ″ X-rays with both valency and ligand environment changes have been observed. Both factors affect Kα but a distinct Kβ′ feature identifies Ti(II) whilst ligand atoms can be identified from the Kβ_2,5, Kβ″ energy difference. When the ligands are known, the small shifts of the sharp and intense Ti Kα₁ peak provide the best indicator of valency. It is suggested that such shifts, together with changes in Kβ peak profiles, could be used analytically to determine the valence state of titanium and the chemical nature of the atoms that surround it.