Advancement in Nanocarbon-Based Thermoelectric Materials: Surface Modification Strategies, Efficiency Analysis and Applications

Abstract

The global reliance on energy for daily operations results in substantial heat release into the environment, much of it as low-grade waste heat below 100°C. This heat is challenging to harness for conventional energy recovery methods. Thermoelectric materials, capable of converting temperature differences directly into electricity, offer a promising avenue for tapping into this untapped resource. However, their efficiency remains a critical challenge, limiting the recoverable energy. Recent advances in incorporating nanocarbons into thermoelectric materials present a breakthrough opportunity. Nanocarbons have demonstrated the ability to significantly enhance thermoelectric performance along with improving mechanical robustness. However, achieving these enhancements depends on precise synthesis techniques and intensive morphological analyses. Therefore, understanding the formation mechanisms, material types, and defect structures is essential for utilizing the full potential of carbon-based thermoelectric materials. This review provides an inclusive exploration of the synthesis methods in general, physical properties, and morphological characteristics of these materials, emphasizing strategies for performance improvement. By bridging the gap between surface engineering and application, the article highlights the potential of carbon-based thermoelectric materials in power generation, sensing technologies, wearable electronics, and more. This review, underlines pivotal role of new carbon materials in addressing global energy challenges, offering a sustainable path forward.