Regulation strategies and design prospects of high-performance catalysts for DMFCs: from monometallic Pt catalysts to high-entropy alloys

Abstract

Because of their high energy density, low operating temperature, and high conversion efficiency, direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) have garnered a lot of interest as next-generation energy devices. However, the sluggish kinetics of the methanol anodic oxidation reaction (MOR) significantly impede their comprehensive performance. High-entropy alloys (HEAs) exhibit enhanced catalytic activity and durability through multi-element synergistic effects, and have emerged as promising catalysts. Despite notable advancements, the systematic understanding of the catalytic performance evolution from monometallic to high-entropy systems remains incomplete. In this work, we present a comprehensive analysis of the “structure–performance relationship” across the progression from monometallic Pt to high-entropy catalysts, highlighting how component modulation and active site optimization govern MOR performance. Besides, we establish a conceptual roadmap of “component design–structure modulation–performance enhancement” and propose regulation strategies, including elemental tuning and defect engineering, to guide the rational design of advanced catalysts. Future research should prioritize the development of cost-effective synthesis methods, in-depth exploration of reaction dynamics, and large-scale validation to accelerate the commercial application of DMFCs.