Transition Metal Oxide Clusters: Advanced Electrocatalysts for a Sustainable Energy Future

Abstract

The comprehensive utilization of sustainable green energy is essential to face the global energy and environmental crisis. The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), oxygen evolution of hydrogen (OER), and electrocatalytic urea synthesis (EUS) are the pivotal electrocatalytic processes, necessitating the development of low-cost electrocatalysts with high efficiency. The small-sized transition metal oxide (TMO) clusters have attracted a lot of attention because of their exceptional qualities, such as exhibiting a dense array of low-coordinated metal active sites (e.g. abundant metal cation defects and oxygen vacancy), amorphous structures with high surface energy, high atom utilization efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. Furthermore, the synergistic actions between metal clusters and TM-Nx single atom actives remarkably boost the electrocatalytic performances. More efforts in this comprehensive feature article are expected to achieve insights into the fundamental understanding of electrocatalytic reaction mechanisms in our lab and serve as a guide for creating cutting-edge electrocatalysts of transition metal oxide clusters.